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Over a century now after Dr. William Gorgas wiped Yellow Fever out of Havana and Panama, and by that out of an entire continent, and more than half a century after Fred Lowe Soper led the eradication of Anopheles gambiae out of Northeast Brazil, their names are unknown, their carefully-detailed, boots-on-the-ground methods that they described in detail to leave expressly for generations to study and learn from to apply to malaria - and specifically they both had the desire for the destruction of malaria in Africa on their minds - is unread. The mistakes they warned about, the assumptions that they discovered to be useless and ineffectual in the field against disease-bearing mosquitoes are repeated today, while what Gorgas and Soper found to be effective and efficient in real-life conditions are routinely ignored or unknown, avoidable errors blithely doomed to be repeated thanks to modern ignorance of their incredibly important and transformative historical successes in public health. In the battles against malaria, to be ignorant of Gorgas’ and Soper's work in eradicating the mosquito that carries it is to be hobbled by the lack of hard-earned field knowledge, practical and effective discoveries that remain completely relevant and critical to success in eradicating malaria today.

T.K. Naliaka
success leadership africa disease-control malaria public-health malaria-eradication mosquitoes anopheles-gambiae fred-lowe-soper william-crawford-gorgas

Despite 4,000 years of proven usefulness, quarantines seem to be to modern international public health experts as garlic is to a vampire.

T.K. Naliaka
common-sense health travel effectiveness eradication disease-control public-health yellow-fever containment ebola anopheles-gambiae aedes-aegypti contagious-diseases ebola-spread malaria-spread yellow-fever-spread zika-spread

But such is the nature of man that as soon as you begin to force him to do a thing, from that moment he begins to seek ways by which he can avoid doing the thing you are trying to force upon him. A man with malaria parasites in his blood is a danger to his companions. To kill all the parasites, he was then required to continue doses of quinine a week or ten days after his fever. When the convalescing men were given their daily dose of quinine they would manage to throw their tablets out of the dispensary window. The old turkey-gobbler pet of the hospital gobbled up all the tablets he could find. He became so dissipated he finally developed a species of blindness caused by too much quinine. I cannot vouch for this, but I was often twitted with this story as an illustration of how the men were treating prophylactic quinine.

William Crawford Gorgas , em Sanitation in Panama
human-nature medicine cooperation avoidance compulsion disease-control malaria public-health malaria-eradication unintended-consequences anopheles-gambiae panama-canal quinine treatment-failure turkeys

Eradicating mosquitoes is a means to an end. An uninfected mosquito is harmless to humans - just a nuisance. An infected mosquito is a danger.

T.K. Naliaka
health danger eradication disease-control epidemics malaria public-health yellow-fever malaria-eradication mosquito-borne-diseases mosquitoes yellow-fever-eradication anopheles-gambiae means-to-an-end aedes-aegypti

It’s not that easy living with malaria. The reality of the high annual death toll should make that very obvious.

T.K. Naliaka
africa disease-control malaria public-health malaria-eradication anopheles-gambiae

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